IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As discussed, the hapten dinitrophenyl (DNP) was one of the first small molecules to be used in generating specific and directed endogenous antibody-mediated responses. DNP is chemically very simple and given its historical context, perhaps unsurprisingly has been widely used by various ARM-based approaches.

Detailed explanation-2: -hapten, also spelled haptene, small molecule that stimulates the production of antibody molecules only when conjugated to a larger molecule, called a carrier molecule.

Detailed explanation-3: -2, 4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a hapten that induces a strong immune response when attached to proteins or peptides.

Detailed explanation-4: -A hapten is essentially an incomplete antigen. These small molecules can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier typically does not elicit an immune response by itself.