IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Fungi that decompose dead or decaying materials use their hyphae to colonize the food source, such as the plant material. Firstly, the hyphae penetrate the food substance and then produce enzymes that digest the material. Once the material is digested, the hyphae absorb the released nutrients or molecules.

Detailed explanation-2: -There are two general mechanisms of host cell invasion, induced endocytosis and active penetration. Furthermore, fungi can traverse epithelial or endothelial cell barriers either by proteolytic degradation of intercellular tight junctions or via a Trojan horse mechanism in which they are transported by leukocytes.

Detailed explanation-3: -Fungi absorb nutrients from the environment through mycelia. The branching mycelia have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio which allows for efficient absorption of nutrients. Some fungi digest nutrients by releasing enzymes into the environment.

Detailed explanation-4: -Food is broken down by digestive enzymes, and food is absorbed by hyphal walls, a root-like substance found in fungi. Only liquid food can enter hyphae, and the entire mycelial surface of Fungus has the ability to absorb water and minerals that enter through hyphae. Fungi get their food in this way.