IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself.

Detailed explanation-2: -For example, in response to an infection or vaccination with a live virus, IgM antibodies usually are made first, followed by IgG and some other types of antibodies. For the most part, the antibodies that you form from getting vaccinated are the same kind of antibodies you would get from a natural infection.

Detailed explanation-3: -The immune response to a pure polysaccharide vaccine is typically T-cell-independent, which means these vaccines can stimulate B-cells without the assistance of T-helper cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -Vaccines are complex biological products with lengthy manufacturing and control processes. The quality controls represent up to 70% of the full manufacturing duration. Successful manufacturing of high-quality vaccines requires international standardization of starting materials, production and quality control […]