IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. B cells make antibodies-special proteins that stop infections from spreading by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them.

Detailed explanation-2: -Each B cell clone makes antibody molecules with a unique antigen-binding site. Initially, during B cell development in the bone marrow, the antibody molecules are inserted into the plasma membrane, where they serve as receptors for antigen.

Detailed explanation-3: -The spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It’s an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen’s functions.

Detailed explanation-4: -The white pulp (WP) is the primary immunologic region of the spleen in both species; however, the WP makes up less than a quarter of splenic tissue. The red pulp (RP) makes up the majority of the tissue and has an immune function distinct from that of the WP.