IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The inflammatory response has four phases: inflammatory inducers (infection or tissue damage), inflammatory sensors (mast cells and macrophages), inflammatory mediators (cytokines, chemokines, etc.) and the tissues that are affected. Each phase has many options that are triggered based on the type pathogen introduced.

Detailed explanation-2: -The inflammatory response (inflammation) occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.

Detailed explanation-3: -They release various substances, known as inflammatory mediators. These include the hormones bradykinin and histamine. They cause the small blood vessels in the tissue to become wider (dilate), allowing more blood to reach the injured tissue.

Detailed explanation-4: -The beginning of the inflammatory phase is characterized by the release of proinflammatory molecules by the platelets, forming the hemostasis clot and damaged host cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Answer and Explanation: The physiological event that is not a function of the inflammatory response is b) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue.

Detailed explanation-6: -So, the correct answer is, ‘Vasodilation → Adhesion → Emigration → Chemotaxis → Diapedesis → Phagocytosis. ‘ Note: The series of events within the process of inflammation are:-Vasodilation: results in greater blood flow to the area of inflammation, leading to redness and warmth.