IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi.

Detailed explanation-2: -Antibiotics are medicines produced by fungi and bacteria to ward off other bacteria in the wild. For example, penicillin is produced from the fungus called Penicillium, and streptomycin is obtained from a bacterium called Streptomyces griseus.

Detailed explanation-3: -For example, Streptomyces rapamycinicus, a bacterium isolated from soil on Easter Island, which is of particular interest to scientists because it has been shown to have the capacity to produce a variety of bioactive molecules; antibiotics (hygromycin).

Detailed explanation-4: -Antibiotics are produced industrially by a process of fermentation, where the source microorganism is grown in large containers (100, 000 – 150, 000 liters or more) containing a liquid growth medium.

Detailed explanation-5: -Pencillium notatum and Cephalosporium acremonium are two species of fungus, which are used in the production of the antibiotics.

Detailed explanation-6: -Antibiotics are naturally produced by fungi to kill or hinder the growth of bacteria in the natural world, hence reducing competition. Fungi can be used to isolate antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporins.