IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The extracellular spaces are protected by the humoral immune response, in which antibodies produced by B cells cause the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevent the spread of intracellular infections. The activation of B cells and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells (Fig.

Detailed explanation-2: -Humoral immunity is also called antibody-mediated immunity. With assistance from helper T cells, B cells will differentiate into plasma B cells that can produce antibodies against a specific antigen. The humoral immune system deals with antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the infected cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Extracellular microorganisms and their poisons are targeted by humoral immunity. Intracellular microorganisms (such as bacteria) and tumor cells are targets of cell-mediated immunity.

Detailed explanation-4: -In an infection by extracellular bacteria, the host triggers a series of responses to combat the pathogen and prevent its spread. The main mechanism of the innate immune response to eradicate bacteria is activation of the complement system, phagocytosis, and inflammatory response (Figure 1).

Detailed explanation-5: -Humoral immunity is the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes. It develops in bone marrow. B cells may be triggered to proliferate into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies.

Detailed explanation-6: -Key Terms. The humoral immune response fights pathogens that are free in the bodily fluids, or “humours”. It relies on antigens (which are also often free in the humours) to detect these pathogens. An antigen is a biomolecule, such as a protein or sugar, that binds to a specific antibody.

Detailed explanation-7: -The primary cell responsible for generating humoral immunity is the B lymphocyte. B lymphocytes comprise 1 to 10% of the lung lymphocyte population and can be separated into two main classes.