IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -During the inflammation process, there is another important event known as phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is considered one of the most important processes during the innate immune response. Once phagocytes arrive at the infectious site, they ingest microbial pathogens in vacuoles called phagosomes.

Detailed explanation-2: -The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also required to initiate specific adaptive immune responses. Innate immune responses rely on the body’s ability to recognize conserved features of pathogens that are not present in the uninfected host.

Detailed explanation-3: -They neutralize germs, e.g. by directly attaching to the cell surfaces of viruses or bacteria, or by attaching to their toxins. This prevents the germs from latching onto the regular cells of the body and infecting them. They activate other immune system cells by attaching to their surfaces.

Detailed explanation-4: -Bacteria are multifaceted in their methods used to escape immune detection. They employ tactics such as modulating their cell surfaces, releasing proteins to inhibit or degrade host immune factors, or even mimicking host molecules.

Detailed explanation-5: -Microbes are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed in innate immune cells, such as macrophages. The detection of microbes by the PRRs rapidly activates signaling cascades and generates inflammatory responses.