IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in infected cells to effector cells and interfering with processes essential to the viral lifecycle, chiefly entry into the host cell.

Detailed explanation-2: -Agglutination is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin. This term is commonly used in blood grouping. This occurs in biology in two main examples: The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement.

Detailed explanation-3: -The two major divisions of adaptive immunity, antibody and T-cell-mediated, are mainly directed at different targets. Antibodies usually function by binding to free viral particles, and in so doing block infection of the host cell. In contrast, T cells act principally by recognizing and destroying virus-infected cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -Antibodies act against viruses primarily by binding to and neutralizing virions and by directing the lysis of infected cells by complement or killer leukocytes.

Detailed explanation-5: -Neutralizing antibodies are an important specific defense against viral invaders. Neutralizing antibodies not only to bind to a virus, they bind in a manner that blocks infection.