IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cytotoxic cells are involved in the direct killing of intracellular pathogens, and the elimination of mutated and cancerous cells. These immune responses are generated by T cells when they recognize an antigen, which is presented to them by antigen-presenting cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -The surface of a cytotoxic T-cell has something called a CD8 receptor. The CD8 receptor interacts with cells called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I molecules to recognize when healthy cells are infected. When the CD8 receptor recognizes an infected cell, it activates the cytotoxic T-cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -In a secondary response to the same antigen, memory cells are rapidly activated. This process is quicker and more effective than the primary response.

Detailed explanation-5: -The cytokines released by helper T-cells help activate cytotoxic T-cells. Cytotoxic T-cells send out molecules to fight the infection. Cytotoxic T-Cells can also recognize cells that are infected and directly kill them to prevent further infection.

Detailed explanation-6: -Once B cells and T cells are formed, a few of those cells will multiply and provide “memory” for your immune system. This allows your immune system to respond faster and more efficiently the next time you are exposed to the same antigen.