IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Proinflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions. There is abundant evidence that certain pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- are involved in the process of pathological pain.

Detailed explanation-2: -IL-10 is considered a potent antiinflammatory cytokine that strongly inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have suggested that IL-10 also has immunostimulatory properties on CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and/or NK cells, resulting in increased IFN-gamma production.

Detailed explanation-3: -Interleukin-4 and IL-10 are pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokines that function mainly by suppressing the pro-inflammatory milieu.

Detailed explanation-4: -The interleukin (IL)-1 family is a group of 11 proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Recent findings show that expression of most IL-1 family cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-1, IL-18, and IL-33, was abnormal in many autoimmune diseases including SSc.

Detailed explanation-5: -They are involved in cell-to-cell communication and have a wide variety of functions within the immune system. Interleukin-1 alpha is described as “pro-inflammatory” because it stimulates the activity of genes involved in inflammation and immunity.

Detailed explanation-6: -The key pro-inflammatory cytokines are IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-. These cytokines signal via type I cytokine receptors (CCR1) that are structurally divergent from other cytokine receptor types. They are crucial for coordinating cell mediated immune response and play a critical role in modulating the immune system.