IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The innate responses call the adaptive immune responses into play, and both work together to eliminate the pathogens (Figure 24-1). Unlike innate immune responses, the adaptive responses are highly specific to the particular pathogen that induced them. They can also provide long-lasting protection.

Detailed explanation-2: -Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes.

Detailed explanation-3: -Adaptive immunity involves specialized immune cells and antibodies that attack and destroy foreign invaders and are able to prevent disease in the future by remembering what those substances look like and mounting a new immune response.

Detailed explanation-4: -The adaptive immune response is extremely advantageous because it targets very specific pathogens and can store a “memory” of that pathogen for many years, so a faster response can be mounted with subsequent encounters. This immunological memory is the principle behind vaccines.

Detailed explanation-5: -Immunologic memory is another important characteristic of adaptive immunity. It means that the immune system can remember the antigens that previously activated it and launch a more intense immune reaction when encountering the same antigen a second time (Figure 2.10).

Detailed explanation-6: -Memory is a characteristic recognized within both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Although the mechanisms and properties through which innate and adaptive immune memory are induced are distinct, they collude to improve host defense to pathogens.