IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Examples of antibody functions include neutralization of infectivity, phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-mediated lysis of pathogens or of infected cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -Lymphocytes can also produce anti-toxins to neutralise toxins released by some pathogens. Antibodies and anti-toxins are highly specific. Vaccines can develop immunity by imitating an infection and stimulating an immune response.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antibodies can accomplish this by direct interactions with pathogens or their products, for example by binding to active sites of toxins and neutralizing them or by blocking their ability to bind to host cells through specific receptors.

Detailed explanation-4: -Neutralizing antibodies are responsible for blocking the entry of a pathogen into a cell so that it is firstly unable to infect healthy cells, and secondly, it is unable to replicate and cause severe infection.

Detailed explanation-5: -Neutralizing antibodies can inhibit infectivity by binding to the pathogen and blocking the molecules needed for cell entry. This can be due to the antibodies statically interfering with the pathogens, or toxins attaching to host cell receptors.