IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Okay so the question is asking for the bone that does not involve in the antigen antibody binding. Okay so the correct answer is C that is government bonds. This covenant bond does not involved during the aunties and antibody interactions.

Detailed explanation-2: -The types of antigen-antibody reactions are as follows: Precipitation Reaction. Agglutination Reaction. Complement Fixation.

Detailed explanation-3: -All antigen-antibody (AG-AB) bonds are weak physical bonds; covalent bonds are not encountered. The main bonds involved are: (I) Coulombic bonds; (II) Ca2+-bridges; (III) hydrogen bonds; (IV) Lifshitz–van der Waals bonds.

Detailed explanation-4: -The most common application of antigen–antibody reactions is in diagnostics using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For example, ELISA can be used to detect an antibody to HIV; this is known as indirect or sandwich ELISA.

Detailed explanation-5: -Agglutination is the process in which antigens and antibodies combine. It is the fundamental reaction of the immune system in the body.

Detailed explanation-6: -Antigen-Antibody Interaction. The interactions between antigens and antibodies are known as antigen-antibody reactions. The reactions are highly specific, and an antigen reacts only with antibodies produced by itself or with closely related antigens. Antibodies recognize molecular shapes (epitopes) on antigens.