IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Pathogens have molecules called antigens on their surface. Antigens provide a unique signature for the pathogen that enables immune system cells to recognize different pathogens and distinguish pathogens from the body’s own cells and tissues.

Detailed explanation-2: -T cells – Immune cells that recognize specific antigens during antigen presentation; T cells are the major players in the immune system’s fight against cancer.

Detailed explanation-3: -Each pathogen is made up of several subparts, usually unique to that specific pathogen and the disease it causes. The subpart of a pathogen that causes the formation of antibodies is called an antigen. The antibodies produced in response to the pathogen’s antigen are an important part of the immune system.

Detailed explanation-4: -Antigen recognition by B cells involves direct binding of immunoglobulin to the intact antigen and, as discussed in Section 3-8, antibodies typically bind to the surface of protein antigens, contacting amino acids that are discontinuous in the primary structure but are brought together in the folded protein.

Detailed explanation-5: -One of the most important players in our immune systems is the white blood cell, also called a leukocyte. Leukocytes patrol the blood and tissues throughout the body in search of intruders. When they detect a foreign substance, they send out signals and launch an immune attack.

Detailed explanation-6: -An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen.

Detailed explanation-7: -Antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of the pathogen. Antigens are unique to that pathogen. The whooping cough bacterium, for example, will have different antigens on its surface from the TB bacterium. When an antigen enters the body, the immune system produces antibodies against it.