IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The mucus layer traps pathogens (potentially infectious microorganisms) and other particles, preventing them from reaching the lungs. Cilia beat more than 1, 000 times a minute, moving the mucus that lines the trachea upwards about 0.5 to 1 centimeter per minute (0.197 to 0.4 inch per minute).

Detailed explanation-2: -Tonsils and adenoids: Because they are located in your throat and nasal passage, tonsils and adenoids can trap foreign invaders (for example, bacteria or viruses) as soon as they enter your body. They have immune cells that produce antibodies to protect you from foreign invaders that cause throat and lung infections.

Detailed explanation-3: -Mucins give mucus its gel-like structure and are studded with glycans, or chains of sugar molecules. The glycans disarm the harmful pathogens in mucus by limiting genes that control their pathways of communication or toxin production.

Detailed explanation-4: -MUCIN PRODUCTION. In healthy persons, MUC5AC is produced predominantly in proximal airways by surface goblet cells, whereas MUC5B is produced in surface secretory cells throughout the airways and by submucosal glands.

Detailed explanation-5: -Because normal breathing is through the nose, most airborne particles are filtered there; hence the nasal mucosa is the first line of defence against particles in the air.

Detailed explanation-6: -The respiratory system is lined with a mucous membrane that secretes mucus. The mucus traps smaller particles like pollen or smoke. Hairlike structures called cilia line the mucous membrane and move the particles trapped in the mucus out of the nose.

Detailed explanation-7: -Overview. The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms.