IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The two most thoroughly characterized oncofetal antigens are carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and -fetoprotein (AFP). Most human and experimental tumors express higher than normal levels or abnormal forms of surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, which may be diagnostic markers and targets for therapy.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cancer vaccines mainly use tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) to activate the patient’s immune system. Theoretically, the vaccine could provoke both specific cellular immunity and humoral immune response to prevent tumor growth and ultimately eradicate tumor cells [5].

Detailed explanation-3: -T-VEC is injected directly into a tumor. As the virus makes more and more copies of itself, it causes cancer cells to burst and die. The dying cells release new viruses and other substances that can cause an immune response against cancer cells throughout the body.

Detailed explanation-4: -Some cancer treatment vaccines are made up of cancer cells, parts of cells, or pure antigens (certain proteins on the cancer cells). Sometimes a patient’s own immune cells are removed and exposed to these substances in the lab to create the vaccine.

Detailed explanation-5: -BCG live: This vaccine can treat early stage bladder cancer. Sipuleucel-T: This vaccine can treat prostate cancer. Talimogene laherparepvec : This vaccine can treat melanoma. 26-Feb-2021