IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Lymph nodes: Lymph nodes are bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through them. The nodes filter out the damaged cells and cancer cells. These lymph nodes also store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances in the fluid.

Detailed explanation-2: -Lymph nodes They store lymphocytes and filter waste, bacteria and damaged cells (including cancer cells) from lymph.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antigens and dendritic cells (DCs) reach the draining lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels; they must then enter the lymph node and migrate deep into it to activate T cells. Lymph nodes are enclosed in a collagen-rich capsule, which is underlined with lymphatic endothelial cells forming the subcapsular sinus.

Detailed explanation-4: -Bacteria (or their products) picked up from the tissues by cells called macrophages, or those that flow into the lymph, are forced to percolate through the lymph nodes. There, white blood cells called lymphocytes can attack and kill the bacteria.

Detailed explanation-5: -Lymph nodes function to remove debris and pathogens from the lymph, and are thus sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph”. Any bacteria that infect the interstitial fluid are taken up by the lymphatic capillaries and transported to a regional lymph node.

Detailed explanation-6: -Lymph nodes mainly store immune cells that help the body fight infection but are also places where these cells can be made. They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material such as bacteria and cancer cells.

Detailed explanation-7: -Inside the lymph nodes are white blood cells, also called lymphocytes. These white blood cells attack and break down bacteria, viruses, damaged cells or cancer cells. The lymph fluid carries the waste products and destroyed bacteria back into the bloodstream. The liver or kidneys then remove these from the blood.