IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells, the production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

Detailed explanation-2: -Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. In addition, macrophages play an important role in eliminating diseased and damaged cells through their programmed cell death.

Detailed explanation-3: -These pathogen-associated molecules (called pathogen-associated immunostimulants) stimulate two types of innate immune responses-inflammatory responses (discussed below) and phagocytosis by cells such as neutrophils and macrophages.

Detailed explanation-4: -Monocytes circulate through the blood for one to three days before migrating into tissues, where they become macrophages or dendritic cells (i.e., a type of antigen presenting cell that plays a role in linking the innate and adaptive immunity).