IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that is responsible for defending cells from pathogens, which are organisms that cause disease. They are produced naturally by the body as part of its immune response, and their production is triggered by both infections and vaccinations against infections.

Detailed explanation-2: -During an infection, your B cells are “learning” to recognize pathogens. In response, they can produce different types of antibodies: neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies block invaders by stopping them from spreading.

Detailed explanation-3: -B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their surface, which they use to bind to a specific protein. Once the B cells bind to this protein, called an antigen, they release antibodies that stick to the antigen and prevent it from harming the body. Then, the B cells secrete cytokines to attract other immune cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins called immunoglobulins.