IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -After antigen presentation, CD8+ T cells activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in DCs via a perforin-dependent mechanism, which subsequently led to release of IL-1 and further amplification of adaptive immune responses (139).

Detailed explanation-2: -APCs also secrete cytokines such as IL-12, IL-4, and IL-23, which are potent differentiation factors into the Th1, Th2, or Th17 phenotypes, respectively, of CD4+ T helper cell populations and therefore APCs regulate and direct the T cell response.