IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -How vaccines help. Vaccines contain weakened or inactive parts of a particular organism (antigen) that triggers an immune response within the body. Newer vaccines contain the blueprint for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself.

Detailed explanation-2: -Immunity to a disease is achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person’s system. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific.

Detailed explanation-3: -Active Immunity-antibodies that develop in a person’s own immune system after the body is exposed to an antigen through a disease or when you get an immunization (i.e. a flu shot). This type of immunity lasts for a long time.

Detailed explanation-4: -Immunization is a risk-mitigation strategy that matches asset and liability duration so portfolio values are protected against interest rate changes. Immunization can be accomplished by cash flow matching, duration matching, convexity matching, and trading forwards, futures, and options on bonds.

Detailed explanation-5: -Vaccination (immunization) is a way to trigger the immune response. Small doses of an antigen, such as dead or weakened live viruses, are given to activate immune system “memory” (activated B cells and sensitized T cells).

Detailed explanation-6: -There are two ways in which an individual can get active immunity against a pathogen: through vaccination, which is artificial active immunity, or through their own infection with the pathogen, known as natural active immunity.

Detailed explanation-7: -The three predicted strategies-adaptive, proto-adaptive, and innate-correspond to the known modes of immunity in vertebrates (19).