IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease. Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines. So you may need several doses over time (booster shots) in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases.

Detailed explanation-2: -Examples of inactivated vaccines include: inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccine, whole cell pertussis (whooping cough) vaccine, rabies vaccine and the hepatitis A virus vaccine.

Detailed explanation-3: -Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases abortus (strain 19) and B. melitensis (strain Rev-1) provide protection in animals but are too virulent for use in humans. Another strain of B. abortus (RB51) appears less pathogenic for humans but is used only for immunization of animals.

Detailed explanation-4: -Vaccines contain killed, weakened, or synthetically manufactured versions of the disease-causing germ or parts of the germ called antigens. Some newer vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 mRNA vaccines) contain instructions for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself.

Detailed explanation-5: -Live-attenuated vaccines contain live pathogens from either a bacteria or a virus that have been “attenuated, ‘’ or weakened. According to Dr. Scully, live-attenuated vaccines are produced by selecting strains of a bacteria or virus that still produce a robust enough immune response but that does not cause disease.

Detailed explanation-6: -Inactivated vaccines contain viruses whose genetic material has been destroyed by heat, chemicals or radiation so they cannot infect cells and replicate, but can still trigger an immune response.