IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The second line of defense is nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals: Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body tissues. For example macrophages are cells derived from monocytes (a type of white blood cell).

Detailed explanation-2: -The body’s second line of defense against pathogens includes the inflammatory response. If bacteria enter the skin through a scrape, the area may become red, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation. Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infections or injuries.

Detailed explanation-3: -The second line of defence is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. This is the immune system.

Detailed explanation-4: -The second line of defense of the innate system includes chemical signals that produce inflammation and fever responses as well as mobilizing protective cells and other chemical defenses. The adaptive immune system mounts a highly specific response to substances and organisms that do not belong in the body.

Detailed explanation-5: -Fever, although part of the second line of defense in immune response, is still a topic of discussion on whether an increase in body temperature during an infection is more beneficial than harmful.

Detailed explanation-6: -The injured cells release chemicals that signal the brain to raise the core body temperature. This produces a fever that helps fight the pathogens by slowing or killing them. As the body recovers from the infection, cells stop releasing the signalling chemicals. The core temperature then returns to normal.