IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The antibodies are released in the blood, which binds to the pathogen and inactivates it. Few cells also contribute to forming memory cells. In case of reinfection, these memory cells react more quickly and develop immunity within 2–3 days (54).

Detailed explanation-2: -Immunity to a disease is achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person’s system. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to neutralize or destroy toxins or disease-carrying organisms. Antibodies are disease-specific.

Detailed explanation-3: -Resistance is defined as the ability to limit pathogen burden while tolerance is defined as the ability to limit the health impact caused by a given pathogen burden. The sum of these two mechanisms defines a host’s defensive capacity.

Detailed explanation-4: -The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also required to initiate specific adaptive immune responses. Innate immune responses rely on the body’s ability to recognize conserved features of pathogens that are not present in the uninfected host.

Detailed explanation-5: -Types of immunity: Active natural: Body produces antibodies in response to exposure to a live pathogen. Active artificial: Body produces antibodies in response to a vaccine. Passive natural: Antibodies are passed from the mom to her baby through the placenta and breastmilk.

Detailed explanation-6: -The terms “disease resistance” and “immunity” can be used to denote different degrees of the same thing. Various degrees of disease resistance are possible. Immunity means com-plete resistance to disease; immune means not subject to attack by a path-ogenic organism or virus.