IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -T cells can detect the presence of an intracellular pathogen because infected cells display on their surface peptide fragments derived from the pathogen’s proteins. These foreign peptides are delivered to the cell surface by specialized host-cell glycoproteins.

Detailed explanation-2: -T cells are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer.

Detailed explanation-3: -Innate immune cells recognize certain molecules found on many pathogens. These cells also react to signaling molecules released by the body in response to infection. Through these actions, innate immune cells quickly begin fighting an infection.

Detailed explanation-4: -Some bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), actively hide from T cells [37], whereas other species, such as Shigella flexneri (S.

Detailed explanation-5: -There are two main types of T-cells: Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop. Killer T-cells directly kill cells that have already been infected by a foreign invader.

Detailed explanation-6: -Immunophenotyping offers a way to identify and quantify the different populations of T cells within a sample, using antibodies to detect specific antigens expressed by these cells, which are known as markers.