IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The acidic conditions of the stomach also help in the killing of pathogenic microbes that enter along with the food particles.

Detailed explanation-2: -Gastric juice consists of HCl and pepsin and can kill bacteria within 15 min when the pH is less than 3.0 (8).

Detailed explanation-3: -The secretion of hydrochloric acid by the stomach plays an important role in protecting the body against pathogens ingested with food or water.

Detailed explanation-4: -The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. The acidic gastric juice also kills bacteria.

Detailed explanation-5: -Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum are microbes that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and induce deadly effects to the host.

Detailed explanation-6: -Monoprotic acids such as acetic acid and NAC is known to kill bacteria at pH < pKa.

Detailed explanation-7: -Microbes’ motors are sensitive to their internal pH. Lowering the pH inside a bacterium stops its motor, shows new research.