IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Once the body produces antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, it also creates antibody-producing memory cells, which remain alive even after the pathogen is defeated by the antibodies.

Detailed explanation-2: -Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond with greater vigor upon re-encounter with the same pathogen and constitutes the basis for vaccination (Ahmed and Gray, 1996).

Detailed explanation-3: -Memory cells are long-lived immune cells capable of recognizing foreign particles they were previously exposed to (thus, the memory in their name).

Detailed explanation-4: -2 Memory B cell response. Although existing antibodies in mucosal tissues can prevent humans from pathogen infections like COVID-19, MBCs play an important role during reinfection by responding locally to increase production of antigen-specific antibodies in a short period of time.

Detailed explanation-5: -Memory cells arise from T-cell dependent reactions in the germinal center and are the critical cell type for immune response to re-challenge from an antigen. Although, like plasma cells, memory B cells differentiate from the GC reaction, they do not secrete antibody and can persist independently of antigen [85].

Detailed explanation-6: -Memory B cells can survive for decades, which gives them the capacity to respond to multiple exposures to the same antigen. The long-lasting survival is hypothesized to be a result of certain anti-apoptosis genes that are more highly expressed in memory B cells than other subsets of B cells.

Detailed explanation-7: -The most common side effects after vaccination are mild. They include: Pain, swelling, or redness where the shot was given. Mild fever.