IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The adaptive immune response in B cells, Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells involved four phases: encounter, activation, attack, and memory.

Detailed explanation-2: -Adaptive immune responses are carried out by white blood cells called lymphocytes. There are two broad classes of such responses-antibody responses and cell-mediated immune responses, and they are carried out by different classes of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells, respectively.

Detailed explanation-3: -Humans have three types of immunity-innate, adaptive, and passive: Innate immunity: Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection.

Detailed explanation-4: -The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also required to initiate specific adaptive immune responses. Innate immune responses rely on the body’s ability to recognize conserved features of pathogens that are not present in the uninfected host.