IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -That makes us believe that the activation of NFB is the original and central signaling pathway of activation in innate immunity, leading in turn to the activation of a set of genes that depend on NFB for their transcription.

Detailed explanation-2: -The innate leukocytes include: natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.

Detailed explanation-3: -All outer and inner surfaces of the human body a key part of the innate immune system. The closed surface of the skin and of all mucous membranes already forms a physical barrier against germs, which protects them from entering.

Detailed explanation-4: -Innate immune system. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens.

Detailed explanation-5: -The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also required to initiate specific adaptive immune responses. Innate immune responses rely on the body’s ability to recognize conserved features of pathogens that are not present in the uninfected host.

Detailed explanation-6: -Innate immunity is the first immunological, non-specific mechanism for fighting against infections. This immune response is rapid, occurring minutes or hours after aggression and is mediated by numerous cells including phagocytes, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils, as well as the complement system.

Detailed explanation-7: -The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 million years ago in jawed fish.