IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The first line of defence (or outside defence system) includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, ‘friendly’ bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.

Detailed explanation-2: -Skin is a barrier that serves as one of the body’s first lines of defense against harmful microbes. Specialized immune cells within skin tissue help to fight invading organisms. Yet the skin hosts diverse communities of beneficial bacteria, collectively known as the skin microbiota.

Detailed explanation-3: -The innate immune system is the body’s first line of defense against germs entering the body.

Detailed explanation-4: -First line of defense: Owns and manages risks/risk owners/managers. Second line of defense: Oversees risks/risk control and compliance. Third line of defense: Provides independent assurance/risk assurance.

Detailed explanation-5: -The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also required to initiate specific adaptive immune responses. Innate immune responses rely on the body’s ability to recognize conserved features of pathogens that are not present in the uninfected host.