PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The alternative phenotype protects against IR through the direct suppression of inflammation as well as through positive homeostatic maintenance activities, including remodeling of adipose tissue to prevent hypoxia and prompt clearance of apoptotic cells to prevent cellular necrosis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Of these, M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and responsible for inflammatory signaling, while M2 are anti-inflammatory macrophages that participate in the resolution of the inflammatory process, M2 macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to tissue healing.

Detailed explanation-3: -Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. In addition, macrophages play an important role in eliminating diseased and damaged cells through their programmed cell death.