BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Detailed explanation-1: -Horizontal integration is when a company expands its business operations by acquiring or merging with other companies at the same production stage. This occurs when a company expands its product offerings or services by working with other companies to produce similar products or services.

Detailed explanation-2: -4) Forward integration occurs when a producing firm starts undertaking the marketing & distribution of the same product.

Detailed explanation-3: -Forward integration and backward integration are sometimes collectively referred to as vertical integration. Vertical integration strategies allow a firm to gain control over distributors and suppliers, whereas horizontal integration refers to gaining ownership and/or control over competitors.

Detailed explanation-4: -Vertical integration often require heavy upfront capital that may reduce a company’s long-term flexibility. Forward integration occurs when a vendor attempts to acquire a company further along the supply chain (i.e. acquire a retailer).