IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The two heavy chains are linked to each other by disulfide bonds and each heavy chain is linked to a light chain by a disulfide bond. In any given immunoglobulin molecule, the two heavy chains and the two light chains are identical, giving an antibody molecule two identical antigen-binding sites (see Fig.

Detailed explanation-2: -Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a “Y” shaped molecule. The amino acid sequence in the tips of the “Y” varies greatly among different antibodies. This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.

Detailed explanation-3: -Immunoglobulins are heterodimeric proteins composed of two heavy (H) and two light (L) chains. They can be separated functionally into variable (V) domains that binds antigens and constant (C) domains that specify effector functions such as activation of complement or binding to Fc receptors.

Detailed explanation-4: -Antibodies are made up of two small polypeptide chains known as the light or L-chains and two identical large polypeptide chains known as the heavy or H-chains. Heavy and light chains are joined by a disulfide bond, forming an antibody monomer or the immunoglobulin monomer.