IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -TLR expression has been detected in many types of immune cells, including different subsets of DCs, T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, monocytes and epithelial cells (Table 2).

Detailed explanation-2: -TLRs hold a key position in the first line of defense against pathogens because of their ability to recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), conserved structures of the pathogens, or the damage caused by the pathogens within the host [35–38].

Detailed explanation-3: -Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate the innate immune response by sensing conserved molecular patterns for early immune recognition of a pathogen (1).

Detailed explanation-4: -TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 are located primarily in the plasma membrane, where they interact with components of microbial pathogens that come into contact with the cell.