IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The humoral immune response is mediated by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -B cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies).

Detailed explanation-3: -B cells create antibodies. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them. For example, an antibody can bind to a virus, which prevents it from entering a normal cell and causing infection. B cells can also recruit other cells to help destroy an infected cell.

Detailed explanation-4: -TH2 cells initiate the humoral immune response by activating naive antigen-specific B cells to produce IgM antibodies. These TH2 cells can subsequently stimulate the production of different isotypes, including IgA and IgE, as well as neutralizing and/or weakly opsonizing subtypes of IgG.

Detailed explanation-5: -B lymphocytes or B cells produce antibodies involved in humoral immunity. B cells are produced in the bone marrow, where the initial stages of maturation occur, and travel to the spleen for final steps of maturation into naïve mature B cells.

Detailed explanation-6: -Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell in the immune system. B-cells and T-cells are the two main types of lymphocytes. There are primary and secondary organs involved in the complex development of lymphocytes, but in most cases, B-and T-lymphocytes are generated in bone marrow and in the thymus.