IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The body’s second line of defense against pathogens includes the inflammatory response. If bacteria enter the skin through a scrape, the area may become red, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation.

Detailed explanation-2: -First line of defense: Owns and manages risks/risk owners/managers. Second line of defense: Oversees risks/risk control and compliance. Third line of defense: Provides independent assurance/risk assurance.

Detailed explanation-3: -The second line of defense of the innate system includes chemical signals that produce inflammation and fever responses as well as mobilizing protective cells and other chemical defenses.

Detailed explanation-4: -Second line of defense An inflammatory response begins when a pathogen stimulates an increase in blood flow to the infected area. Blood vessels in that area expand, and white blood cells leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissue. These white blood cells, called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria.

Detailed explanation-5: -The second line of defence is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. This is the immune system.

Detailed explanation-6: -The first line of defence (or outside defence system) includes physical and chemical barriers that are always ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. These include your skin, tears, mucus, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, ‘friendly’ bacteria and white blood cells called neutrophils.