IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -An antibody (formally called immunoglobulin) is a large Y-shaped glycoprotein produced by B-cells and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens. Antibodies are produced by B cells, and are either secreted into circulation or remain expressed on the surface of the B cell.

Detailed explanation-2: -B cells make Y-shaped proteins called antibodies that are specific to each pathogen and lock onto its surface and mark it for destruction by other immune cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -The IgG antibody molecule is made up of four polypeptide chains, comprising two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains, and can be thought of as forming a flexible Y-shaped structure.

Detailed explanation-4: -What do antibodies look like? Each antibody structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains, which join to form a Y-shaped molecule. Each type of antibody has a different amino acid sequence at the tips of the “Y” which is why each antibody is shaped differently.

Detailed explanation-5: -Antibody binding also marks invading pathogens for destruction, mainly by making it easier for phagocytic cells of the innate immune system to ingest them.

Detailed explanation-6: -A typical antibody molecule is Y-shaped, with two identical antigen-binding sites at the tips of the Y and binding sites for complement components and/or various cell-surface receptors on the tail of the Y. Each B cell clone makes antibody molecules with a unique antigen-binding site.