IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Detailed explanation-2: -T cells can wipe out infected or cancerous cells. They also direct the immune response by helping B lymphocytes to eliminate invading pathogens. B cells create antibodies. B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody.

Detailed explanation-3: -The immune response to a pure polysaccharide vaccine is typically T-cell-independent, which means these vaccines can stimulate B-cells without the assistance of T-helper cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -After activation, B cells differentiate into antibody-producing cells and secrete Abs as a powerful weapon against primary or secondary infection (27). In SARS-CoV-2 infection, data show that neutralizing antibodies are generated from naïve B cells and not from pre-existing memory B cells (28–31).

Detailed explanation-5: -When you get a vaccine, it sparks your immune response, helping your body fight off and remember the germ so it can attack it if the germ ever invades again. And since vaccines are made of very small amounts of weak or dead germs, they won’t make you sick.

Detailed explanation-6: -After immunization, dendritic cells take up microbial antigens and traffic to draining lymph nodes where they present processed antigens to naïve T cells. These naïve T cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T cells.