IMMUNOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Vaccines contain ingredients, called antigens, which help the body to develop immunity (protection) against specific diseases. Vaccines also contain very small amounts of other ingredients that are necessary to make the vaccine and protect it from spoiling before it is used.

Detailed explanation-2: -A vaccine is like a pathogen imposter–it looks like the pathogen, triggering an immune response, but does not make you sick. There are four main types of vaccines, live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and toxoid.

Detailed explanation-3: -Live recombinant vaccines are viral vector-based products including the canarypox (ALVAC), modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), and adenovirus vaccines.

Detailed explanation-4: -Vaccines are available mainly for diseases caused by bacteria or viruses. Viruses lead to, for example, polio, measles, rubella, or hepatitis. Bacteria cause diphtheria and tetanus. Many people in Germany are vaccinated against these diseases.

Detailed explanation-5: -Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built against that particular bacteria, and prevents bacterial infection later. An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis vaccine.

Detailed explanation-6: -Vaccines do not use any live virus. Vaccines cannot cause infection with the virus that causes COVID-19 or other viruses.