RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The consequence of bias is systematic error in the risk ratio, rate ratio, or odds ratio estimate. Bias may be introduced at the design or analysis phase of a study. We should try to eliminate or minimize bias through study design and conduct.

Detailed explanation-2: -Bias is a systematic error that leads to an incorrect estimate of effect or association. Many factors can bias the results of a study such that they cancel out, reduce or amplify a real effect you are trying to describe.

Detailed explanation-3: -Common sources of error include instrumental, environmental, procedural, and human. All of these errors can be either random or systematic depending on how they affect the results. Instrumental error happens when the instruments being used are inaccurate, such as a balance that does not work (SF Fig.

Detailed explanation-4: -In research, bias occurs when “systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others” 7. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication (Figure 1).