RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In research, bias occurs when “systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others” 7. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication (Figure 1).

Detailed explanation-2: -Systematic error or bias refers to deviations that are not due to chance alone. The simplest example occurs with a measuring device that is improperly calibrated so that it consistently overestimates (or underestimates) the measurements by X units.

Detailed explanation-3: -Bias is any systematic error in an epidemiologic study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association between exposure and the health outcome. Bias occurs when an estimated association (risk ratio, rate ratio, odds ratio, difference in means, etc.) deviates from the true measure of association.

Detailed explanation-4: -Selection Bias. Selection Bias occurs in research when one uses a sample that does not represent the wider population. Loss Aversion. Loss Aversion is a common human trait-it means that people hate losing more than they like winning. Framing Bias. Anchoring Bias. 27-Nov-2019