RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In research, bias occurs when “systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others” 7. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication (Figure 1).

Detailed explanation-2: -Information bias is a distortion in the measure of association caused by a lack of accurate measurements of key study variables. Information bias, also called measurement bias, arises when key study variables (exposure, health outcome, or confounders) are inaccurately measured or classified.

Detailed explanation-3: -Researcher bias is also sometimes called experimenter bias, but it applies to all types of investigative projects, rather than only to experimental designs. Example: Researcher bias Suppose you want to study the effects of alcohol on young adults.

Detailed explanation-4: -Three types of bias can be distinguished: information bias, selection bias, and confounding. These three types of bias and their potential solutions are discussed using various examples.