RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These are included in the in-text citation. If one page number is being referred to, use the abbreviation p. for page. If there are multiple pages use pp. to represent pages.

Detailed explanation-2: -Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201).

Detailed explanation-3: -If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then change to regular type and give the page range without pp. If the periodical does not use volume numbers, include pp. before the page numbers so the reader will understand that the numbers refer to pagination.

Detailed explanation-4: -Generally, you use abbreviations to refer to a particular page, especially for citations. For instance, some researchers write pages as pgs. in academic writing as part of reference lists. The abbreviations pp., and pgs, are recognized in the United States and some other countries.