(A) ** nationalism
(B) communism
(C) imperialism
(D) fascism
EXPLANATIONS BELOW
Concept note-1: -Nationalism : The later part of the 19th Century saw extreme nationalistic ideals in Europe. Many nations developed pride over their race, culture and language and started feeling superior to other countries. They felt that acquisition of colonies would enhance the prestige of their nations.
Concept note-2: -The relationship between imperialism and nationalism has often been portrayed by theorists of nationalism and post colonial discourse theorists as antagonistic. Anti-democratic, aggressive empires impose their will on subject peoples who, in response, form nationalist movements in opposition to this imperialism.
Concept note-3: -In this era, in particular, nationalism pushed the governments of Britain, France, Germany, and other European powers to compete, first in Europe and then around the world. Nationalism motivated imperialists to take new colonies before their competitors could.
Concept note-4: -Imperialism results from a complex of causes in which in varying degrees economic pressures, human aggressiveness and greed, the search for security, the drive for power and prestige, nationalist emotions, humanitarianism, and many other factors are effective.
Concept note-5: -Moreover, nationalism is defined by a sense of pride in one’s national identity, or patriotism. Imperialism is the process by which a nation affects or determines the economic or social trajectory of another nation on a global scale.