(A) ** Imperialism
(B) Nationalism
(C) Racism
(D) Alliance
EXPLANATIONS BELOW
Concept note-1: -Throughout history countries have wanted to control lands beyond their borders. The word imperialism refers to the practice of a country’s extending its political power, especially through the acquisition of conquered territory. Such a country and the lands it controls are called an empire.
Concept note-2: -Between the 15th century and the middle of the 18th, England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain built empires in the Americas, India, and the East Indies. Russia, Italy, Germany, the United States, and Japan became imperial powers in the period from the middle of the 19th century to World War I.
Concept note-3: -To establish control of an area, Europeans used different techniques. Over time, four forms of colonial control emerged: colony, protec-torate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism.
Concept note-4: -Which countries practiced imperialism? England, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Russia, The U.S., Germany, Italy, Japan, Belgium and Turkey all practiced imperialism.