(A) Russia
(B) ** Germany
(C) America
(D) France
EXPLANATIONS BELOW
Concept note-1: -The treaty’s so-called “war guilt” clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers.
Concept note-2: -The Treaty of Versailles, signed following World War I, contained Article 231, commonly known as the “war guilt clause, ” which placed all the blame for starting the war on Germany and its allies.
Concept note-3: -The Treaty of Versailles punished Germany harshly because Allied powers, Great Britain and France especially, blamed Germany for starting the war and the subsequent death and destruction.
Concept note-4: -The Treaty of Versailles Punished Defeated Germany With These Provisions. Some disarmed the German military, while others stripped the defeated nation of territory, population and economic resources, and forced it to admit responsibility for the war and agree to pay reparations.
Concept note-5: -And according to many, Germany was to blame. Though contemporary historians are still split on who should be held responsible for World War I, the treaty blamed and punished Germany. European leaders sign the treaty to end World War I in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.