MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -The tongue moves upward and backward against the palate, pushing the bolus to the back of the oral cavity and into the oropharynx. Other muscles keep the mouth closed and prevent food from falling out. At this point, the two involuntary phases of swallowing begin.

Detailed explanation-2: -The currently accepted model for swallowing describes three main stages: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases.

Detailed explanation-3: -Swallowing is divided into three stages: Oral phase – voluntary, movement of the bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx. Pharyngeal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus from the oropharynx into the esophagus. Esophageal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach.

Detailed explanation-4: -The oral preparatory stage begins when food or liquid is consumed through diet and enters the oral cavity. When drinking liquids, the posterior tongue rises to meet the soft palate to ensure a proper seal, preventing leakage of liquid oral cavity contents into the oropharynx before the swallow initiates voluntarily.

Detailed explanation-5: -The swallowing process was classified into oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages according to the location of the bolus. The oral stage was later subdivided into oral preparatory and oral propulsive stages, and the four stage model was established.