MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -Airflow obstruction has been defined using spirometric test results when the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio is below a fixed cutoff (<70%) or lower limits of normal (LLN) from reference equations that are based on values from a normal population.

Detailed explanation-2: -Spirometry may demonstrate airflow obstruction and may suggest restrictive ventilatory impairment. Lung volumes confirm and quantify physiologic abnormalities. Reduced gas exchange (DLCO) is nonspecific and may indicate parenchymal lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease, or anemia.

Detailed explanation-3: -The FEV1/FVC is a ratio that reflects the amount of air you can forcefully exhale from your lungs. It’s measured by spirometry, a test used to evaluate lung function. The FEV1/FVC ratio is often used in diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Detailed explanation-4: -The FEV1/FVC ratio is the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity of the lungs. The normal value for this ratio is above 0.75-85, though this is age dependent.

Detailed explanation-5: -The Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD) recommends using the fixed ratio of FEV1/FVC < 0.70 (Vogelmeier et al., 2017). The cut‐off chosen, 0.70, is based on the underlying assumption that this limit is a clinically useful marker of increased morbidity and mortality.