MRCP UK EXAMINATIONS

Detailed explanation-1: -Viral infection is a major cause of COPD exacerbations; the respiratory viruses most frequently involved in COPD exacerbations are rhinoviruses, IFVs, coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus9, 20–22.

Detailed explanation-2: -One of the characteristics of PH in COPD is its low degree of severity. In stable COPD, PH is usually mild or moderate, with mean PAP values between 20-35 mmHg (6).

Detailed explanation-3: -Acute exacerbations of COPD are characterized by a worsening of the patient’s respiratory symptoms, dyspnoea, cough and/or sputum, more than the usual day‐to‐day variations and requiring changes to their medication.

Detailed explanation-4: -During an acute exacerbation, air trapping increases due to an increase in RR and shortened expiratory time, worsening neuromuscular coupling and dyspnea. Consequently, patients may experience respiratory muscle fatigue, further impairment in gas exchange with hypercapnia, and ultimately respiratory failure.